よみがえれ富士山測候所・アピール宣言
１．
富士山を使った様々な観測・研究は富士山が国際的にみても，他に代え難い価値を持った地点にあることから、大変ユニークなものであり、アジアでは貴重で希少なものである。
1.
Because of its physical location, the observations and research capable of being
conducted at the summit of Mt. Fuji are very valuable in the light of
international researches. This makes the weather station a unique and important
resource in Asia.
２．
富士山頂の施設を利用した観測は、一日でも早く行われるべきであり、何もせずに放置しておくことは、日本の科学技術の発展上「もったいない」といえる。
2.
The observations on top of Mt. Fuji should be resumed as soon as possible. It
is wasteful, “Mottainai” in Japanese, to leave this
unique resource unused.
３．
富士山を利用した観測・研究は国内外にある種々の観測・研究と連携・協力して行われると、よりすばらしいものとなるだろう。
3.
The observations and research on top of Mt. Fuji would become more meaningful
if they are conducted in conjunction with other similar research activities
around the globe.
４．
富士山での観測・研究をより実りあるものにするためには、種々の周辺施設・設備の充実が望まれる。このことによって、富士山での観測・研究は一段と国際的な広がりを持ち、地球規模の「環境監視タワー」としての役割を目指すものとする。
4.
In order to enhance the efficiency of the Mt. Fuji observations and research,
it is desirable to improve the peripheral facilities and infrastructure in and
around the weather station. With the addition of a range of monitoring and
research instrumentation and the development of international research
collaborations, Mt. Fuji station would become a world class monitoring center
for the study of the global atmospheric environment.
５．
今後のアジアの急速な発展を受け、富士山での観測・研究は、ますます重要な役割が期待されることから、一日も早い観測・研究・教育等の「高所科学研究拠点」としての多様な活用が行われるべきである。
With
the current rapid economic growth in Asia, the importance of the observations
and research at the Mt. Fuji station will increase as the station is located
directly downwind of some of the largest combustion and other atmospheric
effluents sources on the globe. The weather station should also be made
available for research and observations relevant to high altitude effects on
humans, and be utilized for its unique educational functions.
富士山測候所国際シンポジウム出席者一同
２００６年３月５日
Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hilo, Hawaii: 50 years of Atmospheric Monitoring
Dr.
Russ Schnell, Director, Observatory and Global Network Operations, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory,
Boulder, Colorado, USA
Mauna
Loa Observatory was started in 1951 as a small United States Weather Bureau
meteorological station housed in a 9 m2 (80 ft2) wooden
structure at the 4100 m (13,453’ft) level near the summit of Mauna Loa
Volcano. In 1956 the observatory
was moved to a new site at 3396 m (11,141 ft) and permanent facilities
constructed. The observatory is
operated by staff (12 in 2006) that commutes 80 km (50 miles) to the site from
Hilo or Kona, Hawaii, both located near sea level. The International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957 brought
solar radiation, water vapor, meteoric dust, ice crystal, ozone (in situ and
column), and condensation and ice nuclei measurements to MLO in addition to
meteorological observations. Also in 1957, Charles Keeling began continuous CO2
measurements at MLO. These, and
subsequent measurements by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) have produced the widely recognized Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Curve shown
in Figure 3. The data in this
curve, showing that combustion of fossil fuels was changing the composition of
the Earth’s atmosphere, was a key basis for development of the global climate
change hypothesis.
Mauna
Loa Observatory has grown in the number of programs and measurements which now
number about 250. In 1997, the
Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change building was constructed which
tripled research space and ushered in a broad range of new stratospheric
research and monitoring activities.
Some results from the long term monitoring at Mauna Loa include the
observations that large volcanic eruptions in the tropics reduce the amount of
sunlight reaching the surface in Hawaii; that stratospheric ozone depleting
CFCs, that produce the annual Antarctic Ozone Hole, have been reduced through
global adherence to the Montreal Protocol; and that the atmospheric increase in
methane (CH4) is not rising at the rate as in the previous
decade. Other interesting findings
are that the replacement compounds for the CFCs are rising rapidly in the
global atmosphere. Fortunately
these compounds are much friendlier to the ozone layer that the CFCs but are
greenhouse gases. The annual Kosa
dust storms bring dust and air pollution to Japan which then flow on to Hawaii
and are measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory before they often flow on to the
North American continent. In
addition to core monitoring programs, Mauna Loa Observatory supports 22
cooperative programs with other agencies and universities from around the
world, and supports a number of short field campaigns consisting of special
measurements or instrument calibrations.
These include an annual, month long program from the Meteorological
Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency.
Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hawaii looking north to Mauna Kea, location of the
Japanese Subaru telescope.
The Mauna Loa carbon dioxide record
from 1958 to 2005 showing the annual springtime drawdown from vegetation
growth in the northern hemisphere and the accumulation of fossil fuel combustion
derived carbon dioxide.
Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hilo, Hawaii: 50 years of Atmospheric Monitoring
Dr.
Russ Schnell, Director, Observatory and Global Network Operations, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory,
Boulder, Colorado, USA
Mauna
Loa Observatory was started in 1951 as a small United States Weather Bureau
meteorological station housed in a 9 m2 (80 ft2) wooden
structure at the 4100 m (13,453’ft) level near the summit of Mauna Loa
Volcano. In 1956 the observatory
was moved to a new site at 3396 m (11,141 ft) and permanent facilities
constructed. The observatory is
operated by staff (12 in 2006) that commutes 80 km (50 miles) to the site from
Hilo or Kona, Hawaii, both located near sea level. The International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957 brought
solar radiation, water vapor, meteoric dust, ice crystal, ozone (in situ and
column), and condensation and ice nuclei measurements to MLO in addition to
meteorological observations. Also in 1957, Charles Keeling began continuous CO2
measurements at MLO. These, and
subsequent measurements by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) have produced the widely recognized Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Curve shown
in Figure 3. The data in this
curve, showing that combustion of fossil fuels was changing the composition of
the Earth’s atmosphere, was a key basis for development of the global climate
change hypothesis.
Mauna
Loa Observatory has grown in the number of programs and measurements which now
number about 250. In 1997, the
Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change building was constructed which
tripled research space and ushered in a broad range of new stratospheric
research and monitoring activities.
Some results from the long term monitoring at Mauna Loa include the
observations that large volcanic eruptions in the tropics reduce the amount of
sunlight reaching the surface in Hawaii; that stratospheric ozone depleting
CFCs, that produce the annual Antarctic Ozone Hole, have been reduced through
global adherence to the Montreal Protocol; and that the atmospheric increase in
methane (CH4) is not rising at the rate as in the previous
decade. Other interesting findings
are that the replacement compounds for the CFCs are rising rapidly in the
global atmosphere. Fortunately
these compounds are much friendlier to the ozone layer that the CFCs but are
greenhouse gases. The annual Kosa
dust storms bring dust and air pollution to Japan which then flow on to Hawaii
and are measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory before they often flow on to the
North American continent. In
addition to core monitoring programs, Mauna Loa Observatory supports 22
cooperative programs with other agencies and universities from around the
world, and supports a number of short field campaigns consisting of special
measurements or instrument calibrations.
These include an annual, month long program from the Meteorological
Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency.
Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hawaii looking north to Mauna Kea, location of the
Japanese Subaru telescope.
The Mauna Loa carbon dioxide record
from 1958 to 2005 showing the annual springtime drawdown from vegetation
growth in the northern hemisphere and the accumulation of fossil fuel
combustion derived carbon dioxide.
113 Years of Research at the Capanna Regina
Margherita (4559
m) in the Swiss-Italian Alps
Peter Bärtsch
Dept of
Internal Medicine, Div. of Sports Medicine, University Hospital, D – 69120
Heidelberg, Germany.
This
lecture gives a brief review over the history of the Capanna Regina Margherita
(CRM) which is located in the Alps at the Swiss-Italian border on the top of
Punta Gnifetti (Monte Rosa) at an altitude of 4559 m. It was built by the
Italian Alpine Club with the financial help of Her Majesty the Queen Margherita
of Savoy and inaugurated in 1893. This hut and the Institute Angelo Mosso,
erected at about 3000 m near the Col d´Olen halfway between the CRM and the
valley, were the centre of high altitude research at the time. Groups from
Turino (A. Mosso), Berlin (N. Zuntz), Vienna (Durig) and Camebridge (J.
Barecroft) performed research at the CRM. Periodic breathing during sleep,
fluid retention, loss of muscle force and altitude illness were described.
Partial pressures of CO2 and O2 in exhaled air were
measured and these results formed the basis of Mosso´s Acapnia Theory,
according to which hypocapnia and not hypoxia is the cause of acute mountain
sickness. Zuntz performed what were probably the first ambulatory measurements
of ventilation at such an altitude. Yearly international congresses were held
and proceedings published in German. In 1903 the Academy of Sciences in
Washington recognized the CRM as an international institution deserving the
support of the International Associations of Academies. The research activities
were stopped by World War I and the CRM slowly deteriorated over the years. At
last, it was not even a very inviting place for mountaineers to stay overnight.
After World War I until the construction of the new CRM from 1978-1980 there
was, to my knowledge, only one further important scientific expedition to the
old hut in 1963. It was lead by Professor Kreuzer, a Swiss who held the chair
in Physiology at the University of Nijmwegen, Holland. This group studied
ventilation and gas exchange and demonstrated activation of the sympathetic
nervous system at this altitude by increased urinary excretion of
norepinephrine.
Although
the initial purpose of the hut got forgotten with reconstruction, fortunately
it takes little effort to turn dormitories into lab space thanks to modern
light weight equipment that can easily be flown in by helicopter and thanks to
the support provided by the owner of the hut, the Italian Alpine Club. Research
activities started again at this historic site in 1981 by physiologists and
physicists. In 1983 M. Maggiorini and
O. Oelz from the University of Zürich, Switzerland, performed an
epidemiologic study on acute mountain sickness. One year later, the author was
invited to join the team who has since those days performed many studies on the
pathophysiology and treatment of acute mountain sickness and high altitude pulmonary
edema in collaboration with other research groups in Switzerland, Austria,
Germany, England, Belgium and the United States. Furthermore, other groups from
Switzerland, Italy, England and Denmark have also performed medial research and
physiologic research projects at the CRM over the last 10 years. Some of the
key findings of these studies will be summarized in this lecture.
In
addition environmental physicists from Germany and Switzerland have been
attracted by this place because the temperature of the glacier on the Colle
Gnifetti below the CRM is all year round below 0 °C, which means that there is
no melting of snow. Therefore the ice carries valuable information about
environmental pollution that can be traced back over several centuries by chemical
analysis of ice cores drilled at this site. Thus, a century after its
foundation, the Capanna Regina Margherita had again become an important,
well-known international research centre.